Critical Analysis of Thomas Hardy’s Novel Tess of the D’urbervilles Essay

Thomas Hardy is on of the brightest representatives of English realism at the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century. At that time, a new stage in the development of the English literature began, characterized with the conflict between the supporters of realism and the new modernist artistic directions. He learned from his predecessors to raise important and interesting problems, to tell interesting stories , to portray interesting characters and to describe the environment. Hardy is defined as classic of English literature as well as regional novelist, master of personalities and circumstances, the first real artist of Nature and human nature. The general features of his novels are pessimism, tragedy and fatalism . These characteristics also define Hardy as the first creator of tragic novels in the English literature . The roots of this worldview go back in to his homeland full with remains of ancient times and also in his inability to understand the social changes occurring in England. The disappointment of the village atheist from the big city, regarded by him as the source and symbol of evil, disintegration of the patriarchal peasant family, which he idealizes as a symbol of strong morality and real moral virtues becomes central theme in his novels . That is fully represented in Tess of the d’Ubervilles. The novel belongs to the group of novels called for character and circumstances. It can be defined as social, because it is placed in a specific social context, but it can also be defined as moral and psychological. It is like a monograph of a personality but it is also a monograph of a period as well. A tragic story stands in the center of the novel and that is the story of the main female character Tess Durbeyfield and her life filled with plenty of unusual and exciting meetings, adventures and misadventures. The novel is divided in several parts , called phases . They are named : The Maiden , Maiden No More , The Rally , The Consequence , The woman pays , The convert , The Fulfilment . With the titles of each phase the author directs to the main plot points and sets basic suggestions about what is happening. The novel covers four years of the life of Tess. Several images are shown- the homeland of Tess, her house, the f arms, the church and the opposition village-city. It is no coincidence that Hardy is called master of personalities and circumstances. In the novel he uses a dramatic form , which means disclosure of the relationship between group of characters (Alec, Tess, Angel) and epic form : story disclosure of a person (Tess). This is dictated by his desire to better express the problem of human destiny and also to express his strongest side – the ability to trace the universal connection between human and the surrounding environment. Hardy introduces unknown and ordinary people out of touch with the turbulent stage of life in the big city and he endows them with strong passion and spiritual nobility. They face the perpetual problems of life and death , the power of human passions and the human happiness. With the transform of the limited provincial scene and its small people into a great drama with universal significance his artistic power is really shown. The story develops in a dramatic order- the events follow each other in a specific rhythm which leads to the denouement. The stories are told in a simple and clear manner because the characters involved are fully developed . Tomas Hardy succeeds to present his characters in a comprehensive manner and he achieves that with the ability to observe each gesture and with sensitivity to all that is unique to an individual. The main character of the novel is Tess Durbeyfield. She is a beautiful, pure and kind , very attached to her family, responsible and hardworking. Right from the beginning Hardy specifies the type of the character and implies that there is something different about her and her fate is predetermined. With that the character becomes predictable in a sense for the reader and it is expected that she will succumb to sin. One of the events in the first part- the death of the horse which Tess feels guilty about becomes a catalyst for the change in her life. Under the influence of her parents and sense of responsibility, she agrees to leave her home and accept the challenges and responsibilities o f the independent life in the estate of Alec d’Urberville. This moment in the novel acts as a inception of the action because it puts an imprint on the further life of the heroine. Placed in an unequal and humiliating relationship – worker-master, she is assaulted by Alec who not only violates her honour but also her feelings. Tess tries to be strong , returns to home and gives birth to the illegally born child and reconciles with the reprehensible attitude of the community. But after the child dies she makes a choice and tries to seek her happiness. On the new working place the fate turns her good side towards the girl and Tess meets her first and big love- Angel Clare. This love restores the true nature of Tess. She becomes more sensitive and gives away warmth and kindness to everyone around her. The two lovers have a chance to restore their honour, dignity and the joy of life but it is radically conflicting with the requirements of the age, full with prejudice. For Angel and his mother, Tess is not pure and virtuous. Abandoned and rejected by her loved one, Tess again seeks salvation in her home and family to be rejected again. The disappointment of Angel , the loneliness and misery makes her go to the first man in her life- Alec. Tess does not fit entirely in the image of a victim because she makes her choice alone this time but on the other hand she is a victim because she is pressed by the circumstances. Her decisions are accompanied with doubts and concerns. Her clash with different manifestations of love and different understanding of moral values and dignity cause deep and painful self-analysis. The assessment of her own life is ruthless and she does not find mercy for herself. For Tess is enough knowing that she is going to die loved by Angel and get her retribution to Alec by killing him. The death of Tess is required by the genre and it is not unexpected. With the blessing of the marriage of her sister with Angel, the young woman rises above the prejudices of the society. Do you accept the heroine’s qualification as a â€Å"pure woman†? Why (not)? In the first and the second part of the novel the answer is yes because the ruin of Tess happens by force and due to her innocence and trustfulness rather than depravity. But on the second encounter with Alec, Tess makes an unforgivable compromise which defiles her purity. If there is something pure in Tess that is her love and soul.

How Japanese Shinto Related with Business Essay

The word Shinto was adopted from the written Chinese (ç ¥Å¾Ã© â€œ, pinyin: shà ©n dà  o), combining two words: â€Å"shin† (ç ¥Å¾?), meaning â€Å"spirit†Ã¢â‚¬ gods† or kami; and â€Å"tÃ… Ã¢â‚¬  (é â€œ?), meaning a philosophical path or study This is about â€Å" the study of Kami†, what is KAMI? Kami are defined in English as â€Å"spirits†, â€Å"essences† or â€Å"deities†, there are many ways to understanding this; in some cases being human-like, can be animals, and more abstract nature power in the world (mountains, rivers, lightning, wind, waves, trees, rocks). Shinto believers consider Kami and people are not separate; they exist within the same world and share its interrelated space. According to a history biography, one fact need to be emphasized, that is among all the things, not only the good, kind positive ones are the kami†, those what are evil, strange, or extremely horrible things are also referred to as GODS. History During 5 to 8 century AD, after absorbing Chinese Confucian and buddhist doctrine, Shinto had became a fairly complete system, After Meiji Restoration, the shinto continue to respect as a state religion, and it also became a government tool to teach people to be loyalty to the emperor. After Japan’s defeat in World War II in 1946, Emperor Hirohito issued a statement to deny his godhead status, which means he admitted that he is not a god, but just a human being, the Allied commander also called for the abolition of State Shinto in Japan, Shinto started to became a folk religion, not a state religion anymore. However, Shinto is still important to the religious people of Japan, accounted for more than 80% of the population are believe in it. Worship and Culture life about Shinto The principal worship of kami is done at public shrines or worship at small home shrines called kamidana (ç ¥Å¾Ã¦ £Å¡, lit. â€Å"god-shelf†). The public shrine is a building or place that functions as a conduit for kami. A fewer number of shrines are also natural places called mori. The most common of the mori are sacred groves of trees, or mountains, or waterfalls. All shrines are open to the public at some times or throughout the year. According to CIA, 83% of the Japanese people were born with a Shinto ceremony and 70% are dies as a Buddhist ceremony. Throughout the life of an ordinary Japanese people, they participated in many of the celebrations as an shintoist, after the 32nd day of a boy was born, and after the 33rd day a girl was born, they will be taken to the shrines of there birth place to do worship, and also when they are at the age 3, and 6,7 will also be take to the shrine to do a formal visit. And in very important days, like New year, other festivals and weddings, Japanese people also visit the kami in the shrine.

Portfolio 04232 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Portfolio 04232 - Essay Example When I was 6 years old, I experienced difficulty in attending primary school. My classmate used to speak fluent local language; I understood what they said but could not speak, which was a bit embarrassing for me. However, with the passage of time as I was admitted to high school, the students were from different parts of the country. They also spoke their local language, which I came to understand after a while. Slowly I could also speak the local language. There are many differences between city and country side education. I always lived in the city, where the educational standard is higher than that of country side. There is no particular rule in the countryside, whereas, in city the rules related to communication with other students are strict; local language cannot be used. Hence, I had to learn English, when I was in primary school. I was not interested to learn English but I had to because of the English class. Among the five incidents, I chose the second incident to provide my views regarding the critical incident. Culture plays a pivotal role in everyone’s life as it directs their behaviour and beliefs regarding any particular issue. We are guided by culture since childhood. Since birth our parents teach us what to do and what not to; this is culture. Hence, our parents are our first teacher, who makes us aware of our culture and also share their views regarding other cultures. Since our childhood, we are taught to follow few guidelines, which are directed to us. In few societies, male and female are not treated equally. In fact in many societies the male are dominating and they feel that females cannot achieve a higher position in the society by receiving higher educational degrees. In the second incident, I have observed that the female member of the organisation was not respected at all by the male colleague, who was surprised to hear that she is a professor. This thought has c rippled the

Business Strategy of Smith Radiators Inc Case Study

Business Strategy of Smith Radiators Inc - Case Study Example A review of the current HR policies of Smith Radiators revealed that these do not support the current business strategy of a reactor. After identifying the strengths and weaknesses, the organization should address these and eventually assume the business strategy of a defender. There are various weaknesses noted in the current HR policies that ultimately stem for the centralized decision-making process and the lack of formal training and development programs. The recommended HR approach that the organization should take should focus on reviewing their policies on recruitment, selection, maintenance (particularly training and development programs), and other HR policies. Specifically, a closer look into decentralized decision-making to involve the management team and other crucial employees would be expounded; (2) a review of the contract and agreement with the Union in terms of benefits, compensation, and security concerns of employees should be delved into; (3) a review of current j ob descriptions are required; and (4) a closer coordination with other government agencies that affect work conditions such as the Department of Labor, the US EEOC, and the OSHA, must be forged to fit the defender strategy.  Using Miles and Snow typology of organizational strategies, it is eminent that Smith Radiators, Inc. is applying the reactor business strategy in view of addressing the issues presented from the Automobiles of America, Inc. (AAI) letter. AAI proposed two relevant actions that need to be addressed to enable Smith Radiators to continue supplying radiators to them: (1) requirement for Smith Radiators to be a fully certified AAI supplier within 20 months from the receipt of the letter; and (2) the application of Just-in-Time (JIT) delivery of radiators within three months, or by July 15, 1991. As a reactor, the organization sees that a major change would be required but their ability to change is not quick enough due to the following reasons: (1) it would require an evaluation of the current policies and operating functions that would be affected from the proposed changes and the time frame needed within which they could comply; and (2) it would have to design appropriate strategies that should be adopted to achieve the defined goal. Currently, the Human Resources (HR) department implements policies that do not support the business strategy as a reactor. The following policies are currently enforced: Recruitment Policies: (1) use of internal sources through referrals of current employees in recruitment; (2) giving a $500 monetary incentive to employees for referring new recruits who would stay beyond two years.

Brand Management 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Brand Management 1 - Essay Example Doganis R. (2006) The airline business. London: Routledge. (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=UnVAfY8J6OcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+airline+business&hl=en&ei=GzjJTdXLAY_irAf5mJGhBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CEsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false) Floor K. (2006) Branding a store: how to build successful retail brands in a changing marketplace. London: Kogan Page Publishers. (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=a_F2yzdi-AIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%29+Branding+a+store:+how+to+build+successful+retail+brands+in+a+changing+%09%09%09%09marketplace&hl=en&ei=NzjJTeipJIzMrQeDtMSZBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false) Hax A C. (2009) The Delta Model: Reinventing Your Business Strategy. New York: Springer. (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ROSTnjmTjxQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Delta+Model:+Reinventing+Your+Business+Strategy&hl=en&ei=UjjJTZ_pGc2HrAfX5OyEBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false) Heding T, Knudtzen C F and Bjerre M. (2009) Brand management: research, theory and practice. London: Taylor & Francis. (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=mu5KsLyPrDgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Brand+management:+research,+theory+and+%09%09%09%09practice.&hl=en&ei=azjJTdPNEonyrQeP55mYBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false) Holden R K and Burton M. (2008) Pricing with Confidence: 10 Ways to Stop Leaving Money on the Table. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=u8LfYM6aFnUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pricing+with+Confidence:+10+Ways+to+Stop+Leaving+%09%09%09Money+%09on+the+Table.&hl=en&ei=iTjJTff-NoXNrQel0cSABQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false) Kuhnle T. (2007) Customer Loyalty Program - Tourist Destination and Bonus Card System. Munich: GRIN Verlag.

Business Viability Plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Viability Plan - Case Study Example Due to the great demand on the services provided by the organisation, it was decided that a feasibility plan is to be conducted so that it can expand in offering of new services. The services should include the market plan, management plan, operations plan, risk management plan and financial plan. The finding is to be used in decision-making. Dog's dinner incorporation is a non-profit making organisation This Company was established at the end of the year 2004 and it functioned in the provision of non-profession theatre. The organisation has a staff membership of twenty with a basis of non-professional theatre. The company has been successful in the production of several plays. These plays include the four plays and memory water which were produced in 2005 while the production of four plays 2 and Andrew Bovell's play was in 2006.The success were also contributed by the fact that the plays were written by the staff of the company. The business has grown in that it started in the year 2004 and it is currently having twenty employees. It is seen that the business has grown as seen in the accounting records. The total income as per the year 2006 on June, the income was low at 6067 while on 2007 June was 7356.15. Dog's dinner incorporation is an organisation that provides theatre entertainment services such as drama and so it is planning to expand by providing a set of new services. The organisation intends to present high quality production which may be original or non original to the local audience who have an interest in the presentations. It also intends to have a chance of working with the local secondary schools by providing live performance based on literature of the secondary set books and the drama texts. This is of great importance to the secondary school student s that will have a golden chance of viewing live performance and hence break the monotony of reading only textbooks. The company intends to have an edge in competing with other companies by offering services that are going to stimulate them to think and reflect on their lives and society and so this challenge in which it will be offering to their audience will make the organisation to be attractive to many people. Don Daya nada, Richard Irons, Steve Harrison, and John Herbon, PatricioRowland (2002). The free performance by the writers, technicians and performers will lead to their talent being given a forum in presenting quality, original and established work to the public. The free service will enable the performance to be less costly and hence it will attract more people and through this there will be promotion of the business. Dave Hall, Jones, Cano Raffo (1999). To be considered In the plan is the copyright issues in which their presentations are copyrighted and their trade name are presented to the registrar of society to ensure that it is not by any other person or groups. Their trademark should be registered to prevent other companies infringing on their rights and also prevent other groups from using their name in making their presentations. Dave Hall, Jones, Cano Raffo (1999) Planning consideration Planning is the process whereby the future activities are arranged in a chronological order so that they can be implemented. The aim of a plan is to provide a

Assignment of Religion and Environment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Of Religion and Environment - Assignment Example Maya- the Maya religion developed in the west before arrival of the Spanish. They worshipped nature gods such the gods of the sun or rain. The main significance of the ballgame highlights the Mayas belief in life death and rebirth/resurrection. Sabbath- the term Sabbath is derived from the bible in the story of God’s creation in the book of genesis. He created earth in 6 days and rested on the 7th day. Its significance is for Christians to take rest from their busy schedules and have a day to honor God and keep it holy as written in the commandments. Dukha- the act of trying to grasp, cling, having passion or craving for something that cannot be obtained. Its significance is to ensure religion is based on experimenting all things either natural or spiritual as a meaningful unity. Catharsis- the word catharsis is derived from a Greek word kathoros meaning to purify or keeping it clean. It is used by Christians by using it in the beyond limits of ordinary experience to that free or cleanse souls. Miasma- the term miasma is a Greek mythology that means a contagious power that has another independent life of its own until a wrongdoer who sacrifices to die to help cleanse the society from getting infected by catastrophes (Patton, 2006). What is the myth of Hindu fire mare and how does Patton explain the significance of this myth in relation to environmental pollution. Hindu fare mare is the myth that fire brings images concealing immense energy; it gives a chance of survival to humans and would destroy everything in the end of time. Agni the fire goddess is present in all three worlds and helps settle disputes or act as a witness in ceremonies such as marriage.(patton, 2006) Patton explains that many cultures have made the sea sacred in believing that it can was away dirty or immoral, majorly anything contaminating. In return, the oceans and seas take in limitless amount of waste and the ecologists are slow to act (Illich,

Questions about the far East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Questions about the far East - Essay Example Daoism, also known as Taoism, is one of the dominant religions in China with many features that enhance its uniqueness. Coined from the word Dao, which simply means the path, Daoism anchors on fundamental principles that give precedence to the way of the universe. Although Taoism as a religion has seen numerous changes over the years, the basic tenets that underpin the religion have always remained the same. It mainly delves on such beliefs systems as breathing, reflection, and recital of various verses that support it. Nothing much was introduced into the religion until the early twelfth century when such belief systems and fundamentals as abstinence and verse recitations during repentance (Bretzke 191). According to Coogan and Narayanan, Taoists are vegetarians, strongly holding on the belief that the combination of breathing and meditation promotes long life in humanity. The first unique feature in Taoism is the Tao that simply means the way. This means that Tao is the only being that deserves emulation, as it is the primary overseer of all living things (213). In this scenario, Taoists shun extremities in life and instead promote interdependence. When it comes to nature, they differentiate black from white by Yin and Yang respectively, positing that the two have some element of balanced inter-existence. In simple language, this means that white can exist in black and the opposite is true hence striking a perfect balance between the two is necessary (Coogan and Narayanan 213). The next major component of this kind of religion is the De, which has close interrelationship with the Tao. It simply endeavors to enhance the principles of Tao by upholding virtues professed by Tao while maintain high integrity at the same time. While the Tao does not support the act of doing things in extremes but in moderation, the De aligns itself closely to this principle belief by insisting on the practice of morality throughout one’s lifetime. Last but most importantly i s the precept of immortality in Taoism where it is the duty of every Taoist to endeavor to reach a state of immortality through the continual practice of meditation and breathing. Since its inception, staunch Taoist priests have used mineral salts and gunpowder in their quest to find elixirs. They widely believed those whose religious efforts were impeccable could easily transform to immortal beings who eventually offer guidance to mortals (Coogan and Narayanan 216). Another major religious outfit in the Chinese and Japanese religious structures is the Shinto that fundamentally pays tribute to certain spiritual beings known as the Kami. Although the Shintoists do not believe in an almighty God or gods, they normally offer rituals to the Kami in designated shrines (Coogan and Narayanan 416). Their belief system emphasizes not in the explaining the world or how things happen on earth but the perpetual connection and communication with their spiritual being, the Kami. In Shinto, the fo llowers accord much essence to the rituals that connect them with the kami, spirits whose mission is to enhance the welfare of all human beings. Perhaps some of the most distinct beliefs include the notion that humans are not originators of sin, lack of scriptures and God, fully acknowledging the fact that not only the followers or adherents of Shinto can offer rituals but

Dividend policy of the firm is irrelevant to the rational investor Essay

Dividend policy of the firm is irrelevant to the rational investor - Essay Example These factors lead to fluctuation in the share prices and valuation of the companies. The relevance of dividend policy to a rational investor has been discussed in the subsequent sections (Gross, 2007, p.14). Rational for dividend payments The objective of investments is aimed at capital appreciation of the assets or securities over the period of holding. So, there is a definite reason for the companies to pay dividends which actually reduces the long term capital appreciation due to liquid payments in the form of dividend. The dividend payments are clear cut statements by the companies to showcase their abilities to manage their assets and performance to achieve financial profits and growth. The payment of dividends by the companies assures majority of the investors of sound financial performance in future and builds confidence for investment in stocks (Xu and  Wang, 1997, p.19). The companies decide through their dividend policy on the proportion of dividend payout and the percen tage to be kept for retained earnings. The dividend payment allocations are very delicate as the company also has to focus on increasing the financial wealth in future and reduce their dependency on leverage. The interest and tax rates also play an important role in the dividend policy of the companies. A reduction in the tax rates on long term and short term capital gains would urge the companies to cut down their dividend payments and invest more retained earning for long term capital gains (Funke, 2007, p.11). Empirical theories: Irrelevance of Dividend Policy The aspect of irrelevance of dividend policy to a rational investor can be explained by considering the empirical theories of dividend policy. Residual... The companies give topmost priority to finance their needs of investment looking at the target growth rates to be achieved in the short-term as well as long run. Only after meeting the needs of finances, the companies decide to distribute the residual profits to the shareholders in the form of dividend payments. Thus the shareholders would not be concerned of the dividend policy as capital gains for future from the investments done by the company lies at the core of maximization of their wealth. The rational investors are also knowledgeable that there is no dividend policy that could referred to as an optimal dividend policy. The dividend policies are an outcome of the fund requirement of the companies for financing the investment projects. For this reason, the dividends are declared by the companies which lead to restoration of confidence among the shareholders. Thus the shareholders are attracted more towards the investment in the company stocks as a result of which the price of th e share rises and the valuation of the companies are increased.

African american essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

African american - Essay Example However, even though blacks had to go such conditions, the diverse African culture was still embroidered in their emotional state which remained apart of them as observed by Margaret Walker in her quotes, i.e. they still practice and held their norms from the past centuries to the present, avoiding the white culture despite the humiliating actions they were put through. This happened in the 1700 era where there was massive slave trade in the West African region. Millions of African descend were sold to the America and European countries. It was carried out in three parts hence the name Middle Passage. First, the Europeans carried goods such as firearms, iron, clothes and many more to the West African countries. On arrival, millions of people were captured and taken by force inform of slaves for exchange of goods. In fact, one of the slave narrates how her mother was forcefully taken and the only message she left that he be a good boy. The slaves were then shipped to America where the Europeans exchanged them for commodities such as sugar and cotton which were shipped to European countries. Captives were then left in America. Here they were exposed to various oppressions by the whites. First, whites had big tracks of land which were to be cultivated. The slaves were forced to work on those plantations producing crops while suffering severe tortures. Indeed they worked tirelessly on the plantations, with almost no food offered to them, while any complain would result into ruthless agony which caused them physical pain, castrating many deaths among the captives. This is shown from the slave narrative video where the slaves were subjected to thrashing while they were naked. The slaves were also made to bear inhuman housing conditions. Many people were put into small rooms. They had to excrete in containers provided to them in the rooms if not cubes, it was irritating and pathetic (Inikori and Stanley,

Understanding Effects Of Ethnicity In Afghan Culture Essay Example for Free

Understanding Effects Of Ethnicity In Afghan Culture Essay Ethnic differences prevalent in Afghanistan have had a great impact on peoples’ personal lives especially during interpersonal communication. As an Afghan citizen, belonging to the Pashtan ethnic group, born and raised in a multicultural society, I had to master the art of effective communication at an early age. Here in this paper, I will explain how my life has been impacted by ethnic differences in Afghanistan especially during interpersonal communication. I will explain how I communicate with my friends from my ethnic group, from other ethnic groups as well as foreigners living in Afghanistan. My paternal grandfather, a Push tan was a governor in Central Afghanistan while my maternal grandfather, a Tajik, was the Interior Minister and finance minister and my father was the Mayor of Herat City, in the west of Afghanistan. Afghanistan is situated in South-western Asia. It borders Iran, Pakistan and several other countries in Central Asia. The â€Å"Islamic State of Afghanistan† is Afghanistan’s official name. Kabul is the capital and the other two major cities in Afghanistan are Herat and Kandahar. More than three quarters of Afghanistan’s population inhabits rural areas. The literacy level in Afghanistan is very low and it is among the world’s countries with small economies(Hussain 34-35). My ethnic group, Pushtun, is the major ethnic group in Afghanistan accounting for almost a half the population (42%). Tajiks account for 27% Hazaras 9% Uzbel 9% Aimak 4% Turkmen 3% while the other ethnic groups account for 4% of the population. As a result of the diverse ethnic groups, Afghanistan has been adopting various language policies in a bid to foster national unity. For instance, in 1992, the communist regime fell due to constant fighting which arose as a result of issues such as language policy. Linguistic differences made various factions fight each other. Consequently, between the year 1992 and 1996, Afghanistan’s national anthem was changed from Pashto language to the Dari(Hussain 40-44) The 2003 Draft Constitution in Afghanistan saw the Pashto and Dari languages become the official languages during the Draft Constitution’s amendments of Afghanistan’s language policy. The constitution made provisions guaranteeing all languages as equal. In today’s world, most countries strive to preserve its people’s culture as well as the language. Afghanistan has adopted the Assimilation Language Policy, which is aimed at fostering national unit by having a single national language. Pashtu is the national language of Afghanistan(Hussain 35-39) In Afghanistan, bilingualism is very common. Most people, especially literates can write and speak in at least two ethnic languages. As a child, I acquired two ethnic languages. By the time I went for my primary education, I could speak a few Dari words and phrases in addition to my mother tongue, Pushtan. When I joined school, I learned the Dari language which is taught because it is the national language. When people become competent in two or more languages, they tend to use both languages in interpersonal communications. This results in switching between codes and mixing phrases from two different ethnic languages. Code switching is the use of words or phrases from two distinct languages or dialects in interpersonal communication. Code mixing entails the use of various words or phrases. When participants code-mix, they learn to relate what is altered by the speaker during a speech activity with the intended meaning as well as learning to compare what is spoken with what they know(Wood 67). In Afghanistan, people may code switch consciously or unconsciously. When a person code switches unconsciously, it is because s/he has gained competence in the two languages. Thus, one will switch between the languages and may not intent any communicative effect on the listeners, although the listeners may achieve an effect depending on how the speaker switches or mixes phrases. Conscious switching or mixing between different languages entails the speaker’s conscious effort. The speaker decides where to put a certain word or phrase with the aim of achieving a certain communication effect (Julia 30). Whenever I am with my Pushtan friends, we at times switch between the Pushtan language and the Dari language. At times, we do this unconsciously without putting into consideration the communication effect it will have to our listeners. Competence in both languages enables us to know where, when and how to mix the codes and switch between the two languages effectively. After all, we have spoken and written in these languages since childhood. In Afghanistan, people switch between languages for a number of varied reasons. For instance, whenever I am with my Pushtan friends and a band of people from say Dari whom we may detest and look down upon joins our band, we will code switch and code mix intentionally. We do this in a bid to make them feel unwanted. Occasionally, some of us will mix some Pashtun words with the Dari language. Infact, a great percentage of the words and phrases used in the speech may constitute Pashtun words. Normally, during most interpersonal communications, everyone wants to participate and this entails understanding what the other participants say so as to respond effectively. Since we withhold certain information from them by code switching, this makes the Dari speakers not participate in the speech act. Consequently, some of them may opt to leave the band while the stubborn ones may remain behind. Nothing irritates like people breaking into laughter and you are left wondering what amused them. One can even be made to think that he is the subject of mockery. Thus we may code switch so as to eliminate those we don’t want in our band (Jacobson 54) Our group may also code switch so as to make other groups of people feel appreciated. For instance, whenever we are with our friends from other ethnic groups, some of my friends who have mastered a few phrases and words from the languages will mix them with the Dari language. This makes them feel accommodated in our band. They feel that we appreciate their languages which are deemed to be inferior simply because they are not the official or national languages in Afghanistan. During interpersonal communication, everyone wants to be a part of the speech event. Consequently, our friends will feel motivated to participate because we acknowledge their presence. In addition, whenever I am with my Pushtan friends and we encounter Dari speakers who are not competent in Pushtan, we choose to use the Dari language in a bid to accommodate them. During a speech event, people tend to accommodate the other speakers. This is very crucial for effective communication. Imagine a situation where you speak to someone in, say, Dari, and he responds in Pashtun. Will you continue speaking in Dari? Of course not you would rather opt to switch to Pashtun if you are competent in it so as to avoid communication barriers. Language differences in Afghanistan can lead to communication barriers and so people have learned to accommodate others during a speech event by switching to the language used by other participants (Giles and Coupland 52). During a speech event, we may change our styles from time to time. Some of the reasons which make our band change styles during interpersonal communication include the topic being discussed, the participants in our band, and the motives/intentions of our band and so on. So we accommodate other participants by adjusting the number of times we switch between languages and strive to minimize the number of switches depending on the person we are speaking to. The accommodation is applied in our day-to-day speech events. In fact, some of my Dari friends who are not competent in Pushtan have mastered a few Pushtan words and phrases. Whenever we are conversing, they may mix a few Pashtun phrases with Dari phrases in a sentence. They do this so as to please us. They want us to think that they recognize and appreciate our language. As a matter of fact, some of them do this sarcastically; nothing irritates a Pashtan speaker than to hear a Dari speaker or any other speaker use a Pushtan word or phrase of which he or she does not even have the slightest idea of its meaning. Worse still, some of them may even use the wrong word order. I once lived in Hawaii and learned a few Hawaii words. When I visited the United States, I could hear the Americans switch to the Hawaii language. Some Americans could even mix spiritual phrases and words with English. What irritated me most was the fact that the Americans were not competent in the Hawaii language, yet they could dare mix Hawaii spiritual words and phrases of which they did not even know the meaning. I consider this as a kind of theft and a slap on the face to the Hawaii language. People should respect other peoples’ language especially spiritual words and phrases. In addition, Afghan’s may also code switch because they feel that they cannot express themselves well in a certain language. They feel that they lack certain words or expressions from a given language and that another language may have a ready word or expression for the message they want to convey. Whenever I am speaking with my Pashtun friends, who understand the Dari language, I will not bother much to think for a word in Pashtun when I have a Dari word or phrase for it. Most people will sometimes find it difficult to express themselves in their mother tongue. To some people, expressing oneself in an official language is much easier since it is the language they use most of the time, thus, they always have ready words and phrases. Most people agree that it is easy to express oneself in Dari, the national language simply because they use it more often and they may lack the appropriate words in their original language. Afghans view code switching to be beneficial during interpersonal communication although this will depend on the context or situation in which it occurs. This holds true, especially when a speaker encounters problems expressing himself in a particular language and he/she is competent in another language which his speakers are competent in. Thus, a speaker will break the communication gap by inserting phrases or words from the language his participants understand. Ethnicity also affects communication styles and strategies in Afghanistan in that, people from different ethnic groups have differences in social etiquette, customs and protocol. In Afghanistan, there are some common customs and protocols among the different ethnic groups, which affect interpersonal communication. For instance, men and women should not make eye contact. Men should not prolong their eye contact with other men and when they do, they should do so only occasionally. This custom creates a communication barrier in that communication between men and women is not effective since women are not allowed to speak directly to men. If a woman speaks directly to a man, she is being disgraceful and lowering her dignity. This greatly affects my life since women in our country are deprived of rights of expression, which implies that our mothers and sisters, who are the backbone of our nation, have no direct communicative role to play in the society. This implies that men and women in my country have to employ different styles and strategies in both verbal and non-verbal communication. In order to ensure that they preserve their cultural values, mixing between genders in my country is not freely allowed and free mixing only takes place within families. In places of work, in offices, and businesses or at institutions of learning, both higher and lower, both men and women must respect and maintain each other’s honor. They must also adhere to their culture without putting into consideration the impact it will have on interpersonal relations. Consequently, this has led to poor interpersonal relations in public places, which has led to increased war and conflicts among individuals, groups of people and ethnic societies. These have led to men dominating the country. Since they are the only ones who have a say, they have gone ahead and enacted and enforced laws and regulations which undermine their women folks and children who are regarded as inferior members of the society. Interactions and relations between individuals have also been adversely affected especially in institutions of learning. Foreign students who join universities in Afghanistan are faced with major challenges. To start with, most of these students come from ethnic backgrounds where women and men are regarded as equal. Consequently, they are forced to learn and to read the rules and ensure that they abide by them. This has led to students’ academic performance being affected since they spend a lot of time adapting to cultural changes. Besides eye contact, which is a non-verbal communication style, other types of non-verbal communication are also affected. Signals are also affected by ethnic differences. People send signals to convey messages. Sending of signals has been affected by ethnic differences in that people may send the wrong signals during the process of communication. Since women are not allowed to look at men in the eyes, this may pass the wrong signals to foreign men who have not mastered Afghanistan culture. They may think that the women are shy and may consequently tease them or misunderstand their intentions. In addition, since men and women are not allowed to shake hands, a misunderstanding may arise when an Afghanistan man or woman declines to shake hands with a foreigner who is not aware of the cultural values in Afghanistan. As a result, the communication process among different ethnic groups in Afghanistan has not been effective. The handshake is the most common form of greeting used in Afghanistan, Placing one’s hands over their hearts and nodding slightly is also another form of greeting. Foreigners can misunderstand this and a wrong signal can be sent probably signaling that someone is in love or in shock depending on how placing one’s hands over one’s heart implies in one’s culture. Symbols are also another form of non-verbal communication used. Symbols can be used to represent or express information. For the process of communication to be effective, the transmitter needs to employ both verbal and non-verbal forms of communication because they supplement each other. Ethnicity in Afghanistan has affected interpersonal communication in that cultural values have made the use of symbols ineffective by making them fail to communicate the intended information. Whenever I am socializing with the women folks in Afghanistan, I do not get their message right since they do not use symbols appropriately in a bid to uphold their cultural values. Men are supposed to dominate all interactions including interpersonal communications When a Turtumani person is speaking to a Baluchi speaker, one has to use Dari, which is the official language. The two language speakers have different cultural values and backgrounds. The problem may arise if one of the speakers say the Baluchi speaker, is illiterate and does not understand the national language. Thus, the two speakers will need the assistance of an interpreter. If the interpreter is not competent in both languages, a communication breakdown may arise. Most literate Afghans have learned Social and Humanistic languages and have leaned that each ethnic group is unique in and that no ethnic group should be considered superior than the other. Language reflects a peoples’ culture. Verbal communication entails use of well-constructed sentences with a correct word order. According to linguists, each language is unique in its own way and no language is deemed to be more superior to other. Thus, each Afghanistan ethnic language whether used as a national or official language contains complex structures. Each ethnic language has its own unique way of tense formation. Since the literacy level in Afghanistan is very low, communicating with people who are not learned in Afghanistan has posed a great challenge for me and my literate friends. I recall with nostalgia an incidence where my best Friend, Pierre picked up a fight with an illiterate Dari speaker as he tried to convince him that all languages are equal. In conclusion, ethnicity affects interpersonal communication in Afghanistan in that certain ethnic communities look down upon others. Some communities feel that they are greater/superior than others simply because they are considered to be bestowed with more natural resources than the others. Consequently, a communication gap may arise between the two. For instance, Dari ethnic groups and the Pashtans perceive themselves to be superior to other ethnic groups like Turkmen or Aimak ethnic groups. This is because they are a majority groups in the country’s population and their languages are recognized as the national and official languages. Each ethnic group in Afghanistan has a specific vocabulary, which it uses during the process of communication. For instance, the Pashtans have a specific and unique vocabulary, which they use. These cultural vocabularies hinder communication when one is speaking to members of a different ethnic group who do not have competence in the Pashtan language. As a result, Afghans should learn to embrace their diverse cultures by learning to cope with the challenges they encounter due to ethnic differences on their day-to-day activities. Afghanistan has been through many calamities and disasters, or instance, landmines and explosions. Schools have also been shattered, hospitals and roads demolished not to forget violence against women and drug addiction among the youth. These problems can be minimized by effective interpersonal communication among differing ethnic groups or parties.

Edukasyon Para Sa Bayan Essay Example for Free

Edukasyon Para Sa Bayan Essay It was just a normal afternoon in the gym during a pickup game. The score was tied, game point. Nate goes up for the dunk and it goes in! When he comes back down to land, something didn’t feel right. His ankle was hurting really bad and was starting to swell. He couldn’t even walk on it. Nate sprained his ankle. Most ankle sprains happen when you make a rapid shifting movement with your foot planted, such as when you play soccer or get tackled in football. Often the ankle rolls outward and the foot turns inward. This causes the ligaments on the outside of the ankle to stretch and tear. Less often, the ankle rolls inward and the foot turns outward. This damages the ligaments on the inside of the ankle. An ankle sprain can range from mild to severe, depending on how badly the ligament is damaged and how many ligaments are injured. With a mild sprain, the ankle may be tender, swollen, and stiff. But it usually feels stable, and you can walk with little pain. A more serious sprain might include bruising and tenderness around the ankle, and walking is painful. In a severe ankle sprain, the ankle is unstable and may feel wobbly. You cant walk, because the ankle gives out and may be very painful. With most sprains, you feel pain right away at the site of the tear. Often the ankle starts to swell immediately and may bruise. The ankle area is usually tender to touch, and it hurts to move it. In more severe sprains, you may hear and/or feel something tear, along with a pop or snap. You will probably have extreme pain at first and will not be able to walk or even put weight on your foot. Usually, the more pain and swelling you have, the more severe your ankle sprain is and the longer it will take to heal. Preventing this injury is not that hard. According to emedicinehealth. com wearing the proper shoes, keeping the ankles strong and flexible, consider wearing ankle tape or an ankle brace, and making sure playing field or home environment is clear of any obstacles that could lead to injury. Healthscout. com says to maintain a regular exercise program, wearing stable shoes, stretching calf muscles before and after exercise, and maintain a healthy diet to prevent injury. But sometimes all these measures do not work and you will have an ankle injury and there are risks of reinjuring. How can we minimize recurring injuries? Brandon Hemphill, James D. Whitworth, and Rita F. Smith say that using external support during physical activity significantly reduces the likelihood of spraining your ankle. A study done by University of Georgia suggests that the different ways people move their hip and knee joints may influence the risk of re-injury. If you have ankle sprains, you may have a problem with the way you move, and we think we can change movement through rehabilitation, said Cathleen Brown, lead author of the study and assistant professor in the department of kinesiology in the College of Education. Past studies on ankle sprains have shown that some people are able to return to sports or physical activities without a problem. Brown and her team, which includes associate professor Kathy J. Simpson, also in the kinesiology department, want to know why some recover completely. One theory for explaining those divergent paths is that a person comes up with good strategies to move, land, balance and not get re-injured, Brown said. Maybe the injured people dont use the same landing strategies, or their strategies arent as effective, Brown said, adding that the study was a snapshot in time, not a long-term follow-up. By the time subjects were included in the research study, they have usually already injured themselves. We dont know if they are this way because of the injury, or if they got this injury because they land this way. There are two different initial treatments for an ankle sprain. One is RICE, consisting of rest, ice, compression, and elevation. The other is PRINCE, consisting of protection, rest, ice, NSAIDs; or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, compression, and elevation. The physician may suggest to keep all or some of your weight off your ankle and will give you crutches or a walker. An ankle brace, air stirrup, hiking boots, or other form of ankle support should be worn during this time to protect the ligaments. Stretching exercises should be continued daily and especially before and after physical activities to prevent re-injury. Even after your ankle feels better, continue with muscle-strengthening exercises and balance and control exercises several times a week to keep your ankles strong. The timing and type of rehab exercises may vary according to your doctors or physical therapists preferences. Anti-inflammatory pain medications such as ibuprofen and naproxen are used to reduce the pain and combat swelling. Ankle sprains are commonly misdiagnosed. This is because the two major types of sprained ankles-high ankle sprains and lateral ankle sprains-often look the same, even though they affect entirely different ligaments. The less common type, a high ankle sprain, is often mistaken for a lateral sprain. Misdiagnosis can delay getting the right treatment-and that can impair recovery. One problem is that the symptoms of high ankle sprains parallel those of the lateral ankle sprain, which occurs in the lower ankle area, says Marque Allen, DPM, FACFAS, foot and ankle surgeon from San Antonio, Texas and a Fellow of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. Pain, swelling, limited motion, and bruising in the entire ankle region can occur in both high ankle sprains and lateral ankle sprains. The difference lies in where the injury occurs and which ligaments are involved. High ankle sprains can get complicated, because this region has five ligaments connecting two bones in the leg, compared with three ligaments that can be affected in lateral ankle sprains, says Dr. Allen. In diagnosing an ankle sprain, its important for physicians to understand how the injury occurred. Lateral sprains are caused by the foot turning inward, whereas high ankle sprains are the result of the foot being forced outward. Other complications include ankle synovitis, which is inflammation of the inner lining of the ankle joint capsule, persistent swelling of the ankle, lateral ankle instability, and nerve injuries. There are many different exercises one can do during the rehabilitation period. For example, range of motion exercises, strength exercises, and activity-specific exercises. Proprioception exercises and other balance exercises can help you recover more quickly and should actually be performed as part of a prevention program. Poor balance is a good predictor of future ankle sprains. After an ankle injury, balance training is essential to recovery. In addition to our eyes and inner ears, there are special receptors in our joints, proprioceptors, which provide information about our position in space. By balancing on one leg, you can reinforce and strengthen those receptors in the ankle. Balance on the affected leg and hold steady for 15 seconds. Continue to challenge your ankle by balancing with your eyes closed, or with your head turning from side to side. If you play soccer, balance on your sprained ankle and kick a soccer ball against a wall. If you play basketball, balance and shoot or practice bounce passes. You can get creative with your exercise to match your sport. The Ottawa ankle rules are a set of guidelines for clinicians to aid them in deciding if a patient with foot or ankle pain should be offered X-rays to diagnose a possible bone fracture. Before the introduction of the rules most patients with ankle injuries would have been X-rayed. However only about 15% of X-rays were positive for fracture, other patients had sprains or other injuries. As a result many unnecessary X-rays were taken, which was costly, time consuming and a possible health risk. The rules state that X-rays are only required if there is any pain in the malleolar zone and any one of the following: * Bone tenderness along the distal 6 cm of the posterior edge of the tibia or tip of the medial malleolus, OR * Bone tenderness along the distal 6 cm of the posterior edge of the fibula or tip of the lateral malleolus, OR * An inability to bear weight both immediately and in the emergency department for four steps. The Ottawa foot rules are for assessing whether a foot X-ray series is indicated. It states that they are indicated if there is any pain in the midfoot zone and any one of the following: * Bone tenderness at the base of the fifth metatarsal (for foot injuries), OR * Bone tenderness at the navicular bone (for foot injuries), OR * An inability to bear weight both immediately and in the emergency department for four steps. It is best to refrain from returning to full activity before complete healing of the ankle has occurred in order to avoid re-injury and possible complications. Ankle sprains take an average of 6 weeks to heal but can take can up to 4 months, depending on the severity. After returning to your sport, you have to make sure you take all precautions. Especially by making sure your ankle is supported by a brace or by tape. Some studies have shown that braces are more effective than tape, though. Either one is better than no support. In conclusion, preventing yourself from injury is a lot easier than people think. But if injury does occur, don’t assume you will be out for 4 months. People heal differently and how long healing takes depends on the severity of the injury. Works Cited American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons: Sprained Ankles Can Be Complicated and Misdiagnosed. India Pharma News (2012). Http://galenet. galegroup. com. ezproxy. aacc. edu. 2 Mar. 2012. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. Hemphill, Brandon, James Whitworth, and Rita Smith. Q / How Can We Minimize Recurrent Ankle Sprains? Journal of Family Practice 60. 12 (2011): 759. Http://galenet. galegroup. com. ezproxy. aacc. edu. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. UGA Study Suggests Key to Avoiding Ankle Re-injury May Be in the Hips and Knees. NewsRx Health Science (2011): 321. Http://galenet. galegroup. com. ezproxy. aacc. edu. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. Ankle Sprain Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, Recovery. WebMD. WebMD, 19 May 2011. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. http://www. webmd. com/a-to-z-guides/ankle-sprain-overview. Health Encyclopedia Diseases and Conditions. Ankle Sprains. The HealthScout Network, Inc, 1 Apr. 2009. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. http://www. healthscout. com/ency/1/572/main. html. Cunha, John P. Read What Your Physician Is Reading on Medscape. EMedicineHealth. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. http://www. emedicinehealth. com/ankle_sprain/article_em. htm.

Compare And Contrast Federalism Under Fdr Politics Essay

Compare And Contrast Federalism Under Fdr Politics Essay Federalism, a political system which is aimed on establishing a strong central government -which in return is constitutionally mandated to share equal powers with its local and state governments. It sounds straight and simple but some of American historys most enduring and complicated issues have resulted because of this political concept. Before the passage of the US constitution -there were people at one side of the political confederacy the pro-nationals, demanding a strong national government as the key answer for bringing America on its feet after its independence from the British while there were some, pro-states- who believed in investing all the powers in the states as the only solution. The American constitution -later adopted by the founders of the country is a blend of these both sides embedded with federalism. Even, after this historical political settlement -there have been US leaders previously and now- who tend to favor and accordingly set their governments policies e ither being a pro-national or pro-state. For the purpose of this essay, I will be comparing and contrasting federalism under the administration of specific US presidents -FDR, Nixon, Clinton and Bush. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) came into power during the worst economic crisis-the great depression-in the American history. He expanded the governments power not just on central level but at municipal, state and local level as well -in order to better handle the loss caused by the great depression. His philosophy was no matter how big a government might get -it should have involvement and be responsible for its citizens .Its purpose should be to serve the common man on the street. His government was fundamentally dedicated on creating a political system which is largely focused on the welfare and care of its people; to help them out and pull the country out of this economic mess -where banks, stocks and all other major government financial institutions had collapsed. He formulated a program calling it the New Deal which involved on large scale federal-state cooperation in funding and power sharing. He initiated the welfare system, social insurance for the poor, elderly and the une mployed. According to FDR, the only way for the recovery would be if both the central and state governments worked together in joint effort-sharing equal powers. Through this transfer and shuffling of power, he established a system of dual federalism. He is the spearhead of many federal and state run programs that are running in the country today-directly affecting the lives of the millions living in here. I personally feel he was the first one to truly practice federalism in its essence- in his every day policy making and administration while being in power. When republican president Nixon took office, like many of his successors before and after him-had his own judgment about the division and assigning powers from the high level -national authority to the lower state or local agencies. He adopted a stricter managerial approach in the effort of making the overall governmental system more efficient and competent. He felt that the central government had been encumbered with unnecessary load of power and policy implementation which on the other hand could be carried out much more efficiently at the local government level. He based his administration on a pro-state approach-directing money and power from the central federal government and into the hands of smaller locally and state run agencies. He did this by mandating grants-in-aid into block grants -a devolution- by transferring power from the central side and giving much authority and money to the smaller state run governments. He believed that such a pro-state federalism will serve the community better as the state and local agencies have the easy access and better understanding to reach the areas in need. Bill Clinton like Nixon had main aim of making the federalist government more competent in nature but had a watchful approach towards granting more power to states. He was well aware of the importance of states having its self-sufficiency and powers but not at the cost of putting the central government at a vulnerable position. He viewed states as laboratories for implementing and experimenting policies passed by the national government. Although, throughout his reign, Clinton mandated strategies that gave more power to states- but ultimately favored devolution targeted towards making the national government stable and strong in nature. Unlike Nixon, Clinton was not in favor of smaller state run federalism. George Bush like Clinton shared a similar background before becoming the president. Both were governors but Bush era differed from Clintons in the way Bush adopted, shifted and granted powers to the states. Bush was an ardent advocate of small pro-state federalist government. Bush reversed Clintons proposed policies in regards to making states accountable and liable to the national government- in the matters such as setting national standards and rules for environmental guidelines. Bush made it harder for the central government to overrule and interfere in states decisions .He favored rule implementation by the states and less interference of the central government in the matters of the local government. The debate over federalism and the choice of being a pro-state or pro-national is an age old argument for our country. Our presidents- past and present may had differences in political opinion and formulated different policies geared towards handing more power to either states or national level but all shared the same admiration and regard for the government. They all agreed on the vitality and influence of government in a nation. American Federalism- the main idea seeded by the founders of this great nation -is yet to play many roles and touch our lives in many ways in the years to come.

Essay --

Hong 1 Rebecca Hong Ms. Geers English 10H/4 17 January 2014 People Make Choices, Choices Make History The five major types of people involved in any genocide or human rights abuse---perpetrators, victims, bystanders, rescuers, and upstanders---all shape history. People’s choices are always hugely influential in historical events, and the Holocaust is no exception. The perpetrators of the Holocaust were arguably the most influential of the five types of people. They were able to get millions of Germans to turn a blind eye to millions of crimes against humanity. By taking advantage of historical Jewish oppression, utilizing propaganda and censorship to create a strong dominant discourse preaching anti-Semitism in Germany, and creating various us-them mentalities, the perpetrators of the Holocaust changed the identities of bystanders, shaped their choices, and changed history. Bystanders were one of the most pivotal groups of the Holocaust. As Elie Wiesel reminds us, â€Å"The victims perished not only because of the killers, but also because of the apathy of the bystander†¦Those who perished were victims of Nazism and of society† (Why Were There So Few). For the most part, German civilians turned a blind eye, allowing the Holocaust to happen. As a German bystander later recalled, â€Å"If I had refused to take the oath [of loyalty] in 1935, it would have meant that thousands and thousands like me, all over Germany, were refusing to take it. Their refusal would have heartened millions. Thus, the regime would have been overthrown, or, indeed, would never have come to power in the first place†¦Thousands, hundreds of Hong 2 thousands†¦were also unprepared [to resist]†¦Thus, the world was lost† (Do You Take the Oath?). How could milli... ...zens were capable of standing by in the face of genocide. Anti-Semitism was everywhere, and censorship meant that dissent was nowhere to be found. The identities of bystanders changed; the constant propaganda forced Nazi ideology into their identities. As Holocaust survivor Garmaine Pitchon stated, â€Å"I don’t hate the Germans. The Germans are good people. The only people I hate are Hitler and Mengele†¦they killed my family† (Auschwitz, Evil at Play). The perpetrators of the Holocaust are ultimately the ones who corrupted civilians and turned them into bystanders. The perpetrators bombarded the German citizens with propaganda until they â€Å"internalized Nazi allegations†¦[and] excluded entire groups from their universe of obligation† (Vashem), giving in to the dominant discourse of the time. The perpetrators successfully brainwashed millions, in order to kill millions more.

Colonization Across the Globe Essay -- Colonies World History Economy

Colonization Across the Globe After Christopher Columbus landed in the West Indies in 1492, Spain and Portugal started disputing areas of influence on the South American continent. The dispute was eventually settled by the Pope (Alexander VI), who in 1493, drew up defined areas of influence for the two nations with the idea of spreading Christianity to the natives in those territories. In time the Portuguese territory became known as Brazil, hence the working language of that country to this day is Portuguese, while most of the rest of the continent speaks Spanish. On 1 August 1498, during his third voyage, Columbus finally sighted the South American mainland for the first time. The next white explorer to reach the continent was the Portuguese navigator Pedro Cabral, who anchored off the coast of present day Brazil in April 1500 - a territory which he then claimed for Portugal. However, the claim was ignored for more than 30 years by Portugal itself, whose sailors had in the interim sailed round Africa to India. During this time of Portuguese indifference, the Spanish seized the initiative in Central America and the West Indies. In 1519, the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, then employed by the Spaniards, first sailed up the Rio de la Plata River. He then proceeded south and in November 1520, first sailed round the southernmost part of South America and sighted the Pacific Ocean. 1. Spain In 1519, Cortes with about 600 men set sail for South America with a few cannon and horses. A last minute dispute with the Spanish governor saw Cortes' expedition being officially cancelled, but Cortes continued, later bringing back gold and other riches to the Spanish crown as justification for his expedition. The army sailed west along the Gulf Coast, engaging in a major battle against a local tribe. It was at this first battle that Cortes realized the technological advantage the Europeans possessed: steel armour, guns, cannons and even horses were completely unknown to the people of Central America, and many tribesmen fled at the very sight of a powerful charge horse. These advantages were pressed home remorselessly, and all the native tribes in Central and South America were to pay dearly for being technologically so far behind the Europeans. At the time of the Spanish conquest of Central America, the Aztecs had created an empire which... ...ess Cixi. The terrorist activities of the Boxer society gradually increased during 1899, with Boxer bands attacking all whites on sight. When these bands entered the Chinese capital, Peking, the whites powers sent a small armed column to the Chinese capital to protect the few whites in the city. On 16 June 1900, the Empress Cixi ordered Chinese troops to attack the whites army which was still outside Peking. Then on 18 June 1900, the Empress Cixi publicly called on the Chinese to kill all the whites they could find. Many whites were then murdered: large numbers fled into the fortified foreign embassies in the city. There they were besieged by Chinese. Finally, a combined army consisting of British, French, Russian, German, American and Japanese troops entered Peking on 14 August 1900, relieving the besieged foreign embassies. Peking was then occupied by the whites powers for a year until September 1901, when the Chinese signed a peace treaty in terms of which they had to pay a large indemnity and grant the whites powers the right to station troops in Peking to safeguard the embassies. This situation remained unaltered right up until the early part of the 20th century.

Free Young Goodman Brown Essays: Did the Devil Lie? :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

Young Goodman Brown is an ordinary man who takes a ritualistic journey into the sins of mankind. Sin is a virtue of being human, which Brown has yet to realize. This is a story of the discovery of guilt and sin. But, the questions are: Did this journey really take place? And were the people who Brown encountered real or specters created by the devil? Regardless if the journey was a dream or a reality, "a stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not a desperate man, did he become, from the night of that fearful dream." Let's call it reality because Brown was so deeply affected by it. So, the first question is answered, now, was the reality created by the devil to convert Brown or were all the people Brown encountered really as evil and hypocritical as they appeared. After Brown left his wife, Faith, he started on a "dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest. . ." He was feeling not so alone, and thought that the devil himself could be at his back. At this very instant, Brown saw a figure leaning against a tree. The devil came as soon as Brown called him. Why was he so afraid he might meet the devil, when it seems to me he know he was going on an evil journey with the devil? The fellow traveler (let's just call him the devil) shared a resemblance to Brown. In fact, when goody Cloyse sees him she say he is "in the very image of my old gossip, goodman Brown,. . ." So, the devil contrived himself to look like Young Goodman Brown, so Brown would feel a sort of brotherhood, or fatherhood, to the devil. He made himself more like Brown so Brown would more easily be swayed. To me, if the devil can change his appearance, what would stop him from changing others appearances. Who's to say that it was actually goody Cloyse that Brown saw . Brown is so hurt that that the woman who taught him his catechism could actually be a witch. As would be anyone who's idea of what is right and wrong is shattered. But Brown wasn't so easily swayed as the devil had hoped, Brown still resisted. So, the devil thought he would shake Brown even more. He contrived the voices of the deacon Gookin and the minister.

Environmental Protection and Sustainability

Introduction In the past 25 years, international passenger aviation has experienced a threefold increase. It is expected that the aviation sector will continue to see similar growth over the next 25 years (Walker & Cook, 2009). Due to the rapid expansion of the aviation sector, there has been a growing concern for environmental issues in airline operations, especially in terms of energy and environmental sustainability (Agarwal, 2010). The focus on sustainability and environmental protection is due to the environmental consequences of contemporary aviation, especially the contribution of aviation to global climate change (Upham, 2003). With the recognition of the harmful effects of aviation on the environment, experts predict that â€Å"environmental factors will increasingly limit the expansion of air travel and the social benefit that it brings† (Green, 2003, p.281). Meridiana concurs that it is important to consider sustainability and environmental protection in aviation. It recognises the importance of green aviation and puts a lot of value on protecting the environment. In line with this, the company manages its activities in compliance with national and EU environmental regulations. As proof of its commitment, it has been awarded certification of its Quality System in compliance with UNI EN ISO 9001:2008 regulation for air quality. SGS Italia SpA has certified the compliance of the company’s activities involving the design and supply of services on board of domestic, international, and intercontinental flights (Meridiana, 2009). Recently, Meridiana joined the Association of European Airlines (AEA), which represents Europe’s major airlines. The AEA influences its members at the industry and institutional level in order to achieve goals that benefit the airline industry. One of the main thrusts of the AEA is to shape a more sustainable and competitive arena (AEA, 2013). Meridiana’s membership in the AEA shows that it is committed towards achi eving sustainability in the aviation sector. Marketing Mix Despite its success in some areas of the domestic market, the company has experienced heavy losses in recent years. With its ageing fleet, subscale international network, and its dependence in the domestic market, the company is facing very stiff competition from some of Europe’s leading low cost carriers (CAPA, 2013). Taking these into consideration, Meridiana has to improve its current marketing mix in order to increase sales and remain competitive. Effective marketing strategies can have a significant influence on society; thus, it is important for the company to apply the appropriate marketing mix to achieve their objectives.ProductMeridiana’s major strength is its competitively priced business class seats for long haul destinations, targeted at leisure travellers. As a medium service carrier, it offers elements of both full service and low cost carrier. For example, it provides food and drinks like full service carriers but its price range is comparable to low cost airlines. Meridiana should utilise this mix and use it as a competitive advantage. The airline needs to focus on its domestic flights and its short/medium haul destinations in Europe. The current marketing strategy fails to reach out to the business community. Their marketing strategy should emphasise services for both holiday/leisure and business purposes. The company should target SMEs and become the airline of choice for small and medium-sized companies. This can be done by offering discounts and incentives for companies who want to purchase multiple seats or flights.PriceMeridiana needs to use a competitive pricing scheme to attract customers. Its price point should be not too high from low cost carriers, but lower than traditional networked airlines. Although low cost carriers have lower prices, Meridiana should differentiate its slightly higher price point by offering better customer service. The aim is to have a mid-range price point, which can attract middle class consumers and SMEs.PlaceMeridiana has been highly successful in Sardinia and Sicily. The company should replicate its success by building stronger presence in other parts of Italy and in key international airline hubs such as London, Dubai, Beijing, Singapore, Narita, Paris, and New York. This can be achieved by improving airport check-in services and making their internet reservations website more attractive and easy to use.PromotionAs a hybrid airline, Meridiana operates both as a low cost carrier and a network airline (Sansonetti, 2010). It needs to be highly competitive by keeping it unit costs down. This can be achieved by enhancing its internet and social media channels. Meridiana should upgrade its website to make it more attractive and user-friendly. It should improve its tie-ups with hotels, resorts, car rentals, and other tourist services to attract more customers.PeopleMeridiana should improve its services to customers in order to attract more consumers and gain more customer loya lty. Excellent customer service can be a competitive edge, especially when low cost carriers offer cheaper rates. Meridiana should also highlight their people and the value of customer service in their marketing strategies.ProcessMeridiana should ensure that its online reservations are always efficient and that customers can easily access the airline through phone or email. The airline’s systems should be designed for the benefit of customers. Physical Evidence Meridiana should also ensure that its flights are always on time; its planes are spotless; and its service crew are highly efficient. Its check-in and guest lounges in airports should be clean and the services of both ground crew and in-flight staff should be excellent.Promotional MixMeridiana should focus on tapping customers from the mid-market socio-economic segment and business people, especially from SMEs. The elements of the promotional mix must integrate different strategies. It should use a combination of vario us promotional strategies, particularly, advertising, public relations, sales promotions, and internet/online promotions. The integration of different promotional tactics will aid in achieving a more successful result. Advertising should be enhanced in traditional channels such as television, print, and radio in order to target domestic consumers in areas where Meridiana is not the market leader (i.e. Milan, Turin, Naples, Marconi, Rome, and Verona). To increase presence in international markets, the airline should advertise in popular travel magazines and international cable channels (i.e. BBC, CNN, NHK, etc.). In terms of public relations, the airline should improve its relationship with Italian businesses and local government. It should also improve its public image by doing CSR activities and being more active in environmental protection. The company should emphasise their support for green aviation and sustainability in the airline industry. Meridiana should also launch sales p romotions on its ticket prices. It should conduct seat sales in which the flight fare is a fraction of its original price but customers can avail of the ticket only for a limited period. For example, the seat sale gives an 80% discount on ticket prices for 50 seats in the plane and the sale will be ongoing for 3-5 days only. Meridiana should also prioritise internet/online promotions and strengthen its social media presence. The airline should improve its advertisement and tie-ups with online travel sites such as Expedia, Kayak, and Orbitz. It should also effectively make use of social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter. Meridiana should advertise in these sites and encourage customer feedback through social media. The company can also utilise viral advertising by putting very creative and highly memorable adverts in YouTube or other video sharing sites. References Agarwal, R. (2010). Sustainable (Green) Aviation: Challenges and Opportunities. SAE International Journal of Aerospace. 2(1), p.1-20. Anna Aero. (2013). Meridiana fly and Air Italy complete merger, as Meridiana turns 50 under new CEO; combined fleet shrinks for S13. Available: http://www.anna.aero/2013/06/19/meridiana-fly-and-air-italy-complete-merger-as-meridiana-turns-50-under-new-ceo/. Last accessed 12th January 2014. Association of European Airlines (AEA). 2013). AEA welcomes Meridiana as new airline member. Available: http://files.aea.be/News/PR/Pr13-036.pdf. Last accessed 15th January 2014. CAPA Centre for Aviation. (2013). Meridiana: how to escape the impact of loss-making Italian airlinesAvailable: http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/meridiana-how-to-escape-the-impact-of-loss-making-italian-airlines-120241. Last accessed 12th January 2014. Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM). (2013). Marketing and the 7Ps: A brief summary of marketing and how it works. Available: http:// www.cim.co.uk/files/7ps.pdf. Last accessed 12th January 2014. Cooper. C et al. (2013). Tourism: Principles & Practice 5th edition. London: FT Prentiss Hall Denton, N & Dennis, N. (2000). Airline franchising in Europe: benefits and disbenefits to airlines and consumers. Journal of Air Transport Management. 6(4), p.179-190. Green, JE. (2003). Civil aviation and the environmental challenge. The Aeronautical Journal. p.281-299 McCabe, S. (2009). Marketing Communications in Tourism and Hospitality: Concepts, Strategies and Cases. Amsterdam: Butterworth Heinemann Meridiana. (2009). Meridiana Group Ethical Code. Available: https://www.meridiana.it/cms/deploy/1/IGGJ_Documenti/IT/Codiceetico/MeridianaGroupEthicalCode.pdf. Last accessed 12th January 2014. Meridiana. (2014). About us. Available: https://www.meridiana.it/en/company_informations/Company_AirItaly_quality.aspx. Last accessed 12th January 2014. Middleton, V. (2009). Marketing in travel and tourism. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann San sonetti, A. (2010). The European Airlines Transformation: Hypercompetitive and Long Tail Effects. MCIS Proceedings. Paper 76. http://aisel.aisnet.org/mcis2010/76 Upham, P. (2003). Towards Sustainable Aviation. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd Walker, S & Cook, M. (2009). The contested concept of sustainable aviation. Sustainable Development. 17(6), p.378-390

Elvis Presley had a big impact on music in the USA in 1956

1. Elvis Presley had a w wholeoping tint on symphony in the USA in 1956. This is memorialisen as the generator compliments Presley and talks truly demonstrable about his c beer. The denomination illustrates unspoilt how no-hit his career was. It tells us that he interchange a vast number of destroys and that he was a pull in earner for his record company, RCA. It overly tells us he had six any(prenominal) hit singles in the companys amount of eyeshade 25 best marketing singles, and compliments Presley by referring to him as a winner and amazing.The offset likewise displays a sarcastic t wizard as he refers to Presley as HOT AS A $1 PISTOL. This c any attention could be taken as a flattering remark, or a delicate on Presleys gift. Its insulting aspect would be the fact that the writer could be barter Presley cheap and simple, and like a $1 Pistol after a a couple of(prenominal) unplayful shots would be use little. An a nonher(prenominal)(a) confuse on Pres leys world power is the fact the writer refers to him as a coun deform warbler, implying that he can non sing and his words are indistinguishable.This article was written for an American medical specialty cartridge clip called Billboard. This shows that Presley must grant had some clash as he was customary generous to be featured in magazines and was regarded as a celebrity. This article is a primary source of evince of Presleys opposition from 3rd March 1956.2. The manifest in artificial lakes C and D dis cope with with the demonstrate in inauguration B, which is very(prenominal) biased. cite B shows you all blackball opinions of Presley from some(prenominal) theme publishers. Each article retraces that Presley has no singing ability and utters that he caterwauls, meaning he sounds like a cat wailing. The juvenile York Times goes as far to say that Presley has no singing ability. each(prenominal) refer to his visual aspect on the Milton Berle Show. These report articles show us the opinions of the establishment, especially that of newspaper columnists. Also, the bulk of the newspapers au soundnce were adults, and galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) horizon that Presley was contaminating their childrens minds. reservoir C disagrees with these opinions, and is an provoke from Variety, an American video recording and tuner magazine in June 1956. This extract tells us that Presleys visual aspect on the Milton Berle Show was al close to welcomed by the placementing public. It tells us that Milton Berle was both(prenominal) relaxed and more effective when force outing his show, cover that he welcomed and enjoyed Presleys appearance. another(prenominal) argument that shows character C disagrees with opening B is that it tells us that the Milton Berle show bloomped Phil Silvers Sergeant Bilko in the ratings for the first epoch all lenify. This proves that many good deal watched Presley in taste to other channels, and his appearance on the Milton Berle show caused it to defeat Sergeant Bilko, which was a very popular show at the time.However, etymons B and C come from deuce incompatible publications with two opposite intentions. The newspapers would appeal to adults, and a steering of selling more newspapers would be to condemn Presley. more adults would debauch the newspaper if they agreed to its views. Variety would appeal to teenagers as it was a music magazine, and a way that they could earn more emolument would be to write about Presley, and be in favour of him. get-go D could each agree or disagree with the indicate in Source B. The crowd in this photo both look very excited and all recognizem to be enjoying themselves on the germinate. Presley does not retrievem to be in any act of vulgarity, withal you cannot tell, since it is precisely a still picture. However, it was discover that Col sensationl Parker, Presleys manager, stip abolishiary teenage girls to scream and even fain t during Presleys performances, so the credibility of the photograph can be questi wholenessd. The only affair that the photograph supports is the account from Source B in the untested York Journal that it has caused the most heated reaction and this is plain to see from the photograph.3. These sources clearly show the Presleys equal in the 1950s. All of the sources are extremely utile as they highlight the different opinions of Presley from different groups of mess. Source E contains threesome sources that all illustrate the negative impact Presley had.Source E ( i ) is a argument from voice Emmanuel Cellar. He claims that Presleys animal gyrations wound all I k instantly to be in good taste. This apparently shows that Cellar did not like Presley. champion of the origins he whitethorn make this argumentation is because he wants to appeal to adults. The simple reason is that he sees the adults as unrivalled function voter overthrowoutrs. If he can appeal to the adul ts and fall through them what they want, many will support and vote for him, as he is a politician. racial discrimination and prejudice can likewise be detected in his tale, as he says the coloured people. He refers to them as though they are an object, something lower and less valuable than he is. He also mention that Rock and Roll provides talent for accordingly coloured people, implying that this is all that they are good for, and have no real place in the American vagabonding.Source E ( ii ) is a statement from a phallus of the Ku Klux Klan. This member says that they have set up a committee to get rid of the cannibalistic, negro-loving excite and roller, obviously referring to Presley. This statement position us the views of many anti-Semite(a)s at the time. He uses the word cannibalistic to describe that they purpose Presley was some human body of barbarous nerve-wracking to convert teenagers to black music and lure them to the same level. The Ku Klux Klan cu t people of other races as some sort of enemy, and anybody who mixed with, or was friends with people from other races were also the enemy. This can account for why the Ku Klux Klan wanted to get rid of Presley.Source E ( iii ) is a statement from Billy graham flour, an evangelical preacher. He claimed that he would not permit his daughter flummox the street to see Elvis Presley. His statement can represent the views of the church, and also the views of a father, as he speaks of his daughter. His point of view is that Presley was causing teenagers to sin and that Presley call forthd juvenile delinquency. many an(prenominal) teenagers idolised Presley and man of the cloth Albert Carter claimed that he was an evil charm on the youth of our society, and further claimed Rock and Roll would turn teenagers into devil-worshipers. These statements prove that the Church felt that Presley was an atrocity, corrupting the mind of the countrys teenagers.It is interesting to note that two of the sources, ( i ) and ( iii ), come from reasonably in-chief(postnominal) people in the establishment. one and only(a) comment is from a politician and the other from a preacher, both respected people. However, these comments had the ocloving cupy opposite effect of what was intended. Teenagers saw that these respected people did not like this music, and so bought it all the more. This is because teenagers now saw the music that members of the establishment were condemning as rebellious, and so when they bought this music their feelings of rebellion were increased. The comments of Billy Graham and Congressman Emmanuel Cellar had a fall out effect.Source F is proof of Presleys triumph and popularity during the mid 1950s. In 1955 all songs in the top five-spot dollar bill list are ballads with Bill Hayes The Ballad of Davy Crockett at the top. However, next years results are more different. In 1956, Presley takes up four of the top five single blank spaces, with Dont Be beastly/Hound Dog at the top of the chart. This shows only how speedily Presley became popular, in the space of a year, from be a camion driver he was now one of the countrys most famous people. He had stupefy a sensation in one year. In 1957 Presley occupied three of the five top single spaces, and All concussion Up at the top of the charts. His only rival was Pat Boone, dubbed the unobjectionable type of Rock and Roll. These results heavily contrast with the evidence from Source E and show that the majority of Americas society disagreed with their opinions. However, all evidence from Source E is from adults, racists and members of the establishment. His popularity was mainly with teenagers and it is them that promoted Presley to the top of these charts. Source F shows Presleys sudden impact on America that occurred almost overnight.4. By 1958, many attitudes had changed towards Presley, especially of those who were against him. One reason he became more unobjectionable was because his record company, RCA, was toning vanquish his attri only whene. They tried to make him more acceptable to the public by stopping his debatable movements during his performances. His songs were also toned wipe out, his earlier spring a lot more spry than his later work. The reason for this was simple enough it would create a wider audience and a wider audience would equal more profit for RCA.Another factor that led to Presley befitting more acceptable was when he was conscripted to the host in 1958. In the eyes of the public, Presley willingly joined the military to serve for his country. Many people were surprised that Presley did not try to use his money or limit to buy his way out of service. People now saw him as a trustworthy patriotic bomber who would serve and die for his country. Those who once disliked him now regarded him as somebody devoted to his country.However, it was only in the public eye that Presley wanted to conscript. It was one of the last things Presley wanted to do, but this look-alike had to be maintained in order for him to gain popularity. RCA most likely convinced him to do it, as he would not do it of his own free will. For a start, Presleys mother was ill at the time of his conscription. This again could work to his advantage as the public saw him joining the army even though his mother was sick. Another thing Presley was worried about was that his popularity may dwindle temporary hookup he was conscripted. However, RCA worked or so this and released singles and merchandise so that he would not be forgotten while he was in the army.Many politicians saw Presley as an advantage now that he had conscripted. They could now use Presley as a form of propaganda. This is because at that time the snappy War, a state of hostility surrounded by two countries without any military action, was occurring surrounded by the USA and the Soviet-Union. This was because they disagreed on their social ideology, the Sovi et-Union in favour of communism and the USA in favour of democracy. Politicians used this event to promote American democracy and the American Dream, utter where else could a nobody like Presley befit a somebody so quickly.At the time the country was sweep with anti-communist behaviour and hysteria, and many politicians used this to their advantage. Senator McCarthy was one such(prenominal) person. He got rid of many of his political and social enemies by criminate them of being communists, and having affiliations with communism. Many Americans were convinced by McCarthy that they were surrounded by communists who were plotting to undermine the American way of life.5. I both agree and disagree partially with this statement. Both Presleys impact and success was the result of these two factors. To deject with, his first television appearance was on the Dorsey Brothers Stage Show in 1956, followed by 15 other television appearances in the same year. In 1957, Presley made an appear ance on the Milton Berle Show, which Sources B and C push to. Source B shows us the negative impact Presley had as the New York Times, New York Journal and the Daily News describe Presley as having no singing ability and large(p) a display of primitive corporeal movement with grunt and groan antics. Source C contradicts these statements. It is an extract from Variety, an American television and radio magazine.It tell us that the Milton Berle show topped Phil Silvers Sergeant Bilko in the ratings for the first time all time of year. This shows how immensely popular Presley was, as he appeared on television numerous propagation which on the nose added to his impact in America, whether it was good or bad. Ed Sullivan even say that Elvis was too big not to have on the show, and he was totally against the idea of Presley appearing on his show. Ed Sullivan, who had declared that Presley was not my cup of tea, bowed to popular pressure and paid him $50,000 for three appearances. This shows the impact Presley had on television in America.Another television appearance that led to his fame and impact was his roles in Hollywood movies. He star in films such as Love Me tender and female monarch Cerole. These films were often sell out overdue to their immense popularity, probably not because of Presleys acting talent, just the fact that he starred in it. Many of Presleys fans protested when at the end of Love Me Tender, Presley died, so the end scene was shot again so that he survived. This shows just to what extent producers would go for Presley and his fans, as he had such an impact on television.However, were it not for his singing ability he would not have appeared on television at all, so Presleys musical comedy theater talent must have also contributed to his impact. Source F shows us just how many people bought his record, so his musical talent must have contributed to his impact. If people only watched him on television for his performances, then why wo uld they go out and buy his music if they did not like it? This must mean that Presleys music must have started Presleys impact. Hound Dog exchange 1 million copies in just two weeks after it was released. In fact in 1956 he had four top five singles for that year, and in 1957 he had three top five singles for that year. This source just illustrates how popular Presleys music was on its own.When Presley appeared on television he performed his top songs. Now if nobody was interested in his musical talent, why not just interview him? In 1956 alone Presley sold 12,500,000 singles and 2,750,000 million albums. He sold 1,350,000 copies of Heartbreak Hotel, which was his first gold record. These horrifying figures provide further evidence that his music contributed to his impact. Source A even tells us that Presley has six hit singles in the companys hit list of top-25 best sellers.Presleys musical and television coverage was very important in his career. However, something else caused Presleys impact. Source E shows the political, racist and religious impact that Presley had on society. Source E ( i ) is the statement from Congressman Emmanuel Cellar who says that Rock and Roll should gentle with the coloured people but that it is not good enough for the whites. Source E ( ii ) shows the racist reaction of a member of the Ku Klux Klan whose plan is to do international with this cannibalistic, negro-loving rock and roller. This is a very important impact, no matter how controversial, as it is an impact on a group of people. In Source E ( iii ) the religious reaction is demonstrated when Billy Graham, an evangelical preacher claims he would not let his daughter cross the street to see Elvis. Another religious reaction is from the Reverend Albert Carter who states The effect of rock and roll on young people is to turn them into devil-worshippersand to bring forth self-expression through sexit is an evil influence on the youth of our society. This shows us the imp act on the religious community.At first the whole idea of Presley was his image of rebelliousness. Although this changed by 1958 when Presley joined the army as shown by source G. This source shows Presley being illustrated as a patriotic hero for his country, and this had a massive impact on both his fans and those who did not like him. He was also made more acceptable as his image was toned down and his songs became much calmer, no longer cheering or brimming with energy, as he had been manufactured by RCA.These points and source of evidence prove my point that it was not just his television appearances or his music that had an impact, but the combination of both of them.